Клиническое руководство ACG по диагностике и лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни
ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Перевод Г.Е. Заика
Абстракт
Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь (ГЭРБ – GERD – Gastroesophageal reflux disease) по-прежнему остается одним из наиболее распространенных заболеваний, наблюдаемых гастроэнтерологами, хирургами и врачами первичной медицинской помощи. Наше понимание различных проявлений ГЭРБ, усовершенствований в диагностическом тестировании и подхода к ведению пациентов эволюционировали. За это время внимание к ингибиторам протонной помпы (ИПП – PPIs – proton pump inhibitors) значительно возросло. Хотя ИПП остаются предпочтительным методом лечения ГЭРБ, в многочисленных публикациях поднимаются вопросы о побочных эффектах, вызывая сомнения в безопасности длительного применения и усиливая обеспокоенность по поводу чрезмерного назначения ИПП. Появились новые данные, касающиеся возможностей хирургических и эндоскопических вмешательств. В этом новом документе мы предоставляем обновлённые, основанные на фактических данных рекомендации и практическое руководство по оценке и лечению ГЭРБ, включая фармакологическое, образ жизни, хирургическое и эндоскопическое лечение. Для оценки фактических данных и силы рекомендаций использовалась система классификации рекомендаций, Оценки, разработки и оценивания. Также приводятся ключевые концепции и предложения, которые на момент написания этой статьи не имеют достаточных доказательств для оценки.
Вступление
Многое изменилось, многое осталось прежним. Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь (ГЭРБ) по-прежнему остаётся одним из наиболее распространённых заболеваний, наблюдаемых гастроэнтерологами, хирургами и врачами первичной медицинской помощи. С момента публикации последнего руководства Американского колледжа гастроэнтерологов по лечению рефлюкса [1] появились клинически важные достижения в хирургической и эндоскопической терапии ГЭРБ. Наше понимание различных проявлений ГЭРБ, усовершенствований в диагностическом тестировании и подхода к ведению пациентов эволюционировали. За это время значительно возросло внимание к ингибиторам протонной помпы (ИПП). Несмотря на то, что ИПП остаются предпочтительным методом лечения ГЭРБ, в многочисленных публикациях поднимаются вопросы о побочных эффектах, вызывая сомнения в безопасности длительного применения и усиливая обеспокоенность по поводу чрезмерного назначения ИПП. В этом новом документе мы предоставляем обновлённые, основанные на фактических данных рекомендации и практические рекомендации по оценке и лечению ГЭРБ, включая фармакологическое, образ жизни, хирургическое и эндоскопическое лечение. Лечение функциональной изжоги и других функциональных симптомов верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) выходит за рамки данного руководства. Дополнительные подробности, касающиеся физиологического тестирования пищевода, описаны в других руководствах.Наша цель – продемонстрировать документ, который предлагает рекомендации по наилучшей практике для врачей, ухаживающих за пациентами с ГЭРБ. Эти рекомендации разработаны для поддержки клинической практики и предлагают предпочтительные подходы к типичному пациенту с конкретной медицинской проблемой на основе доступной в настоящее время опубликованной литературы.
8. Мы не рекомендуем проводить мониторинг рефлюкса вне терапии исключительно в качестве диагностического теста на ГЭРБ у пациентов, у которых, как известно, имеются эндоскопические признаки рефлюкс-эзофагита С или D степени тяжести или у пациентов с длинным сегментом пищевода Барретта (сильная рекомендация, низкий уровень доказательств).
Лечение ГЭРБ требует комплексного подхода с учётом проявления симптомов, результатов эндоскопии и вероятных физиологических отклонений. Управленческие решения могут отличаться в зависимости от типа и размера грыжи пищеводного отверстия диафрагмы, наличия ЭЭ и/или пищевода Барретта, индекса массы тела (ИМТ) и сопутствующих физиологических отклонений, таких как гастропарез или неэффективная моторика с отсутствием сократительного резерва. Медицинское лечение включает в себя изменение образа жизни и фармакологическую терапию, главным образом с помощью лекарств, снижающих секрецию желудочной кислоты. Хирургические и эндоскопические варианты обсуждаются в других разделах. Нефармакологические изменения образа жизни включают рекомендации по изменению рациона питания (содержание и сроки), положения тела во время еды и во время сна, а также по снижению веса (таблица 3).
REFERENCES
1. Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(3):308–29; quiz 329. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
2. Gawron AJ, Rothe J, Fought AJ, et al. Many patients continue using proton pump inhibitors after negative results from tests for reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10(6):620–5; quiz e57. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
3. Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64(4):383–94. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
4. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64(4):401–6. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
5. Andrews JC, Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation's direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol 2013;66(7):726–35. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
6. Numans ME, Lau J, de Wit NJ, et al. Short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease: A meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics. Ann Intern Med 2004;140(7):518–27. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
7. Cremonini F, Wise J, Moayyedi P, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors in non-cardiac chest pain: A metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100(6):1226–32. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
8. Kahrilas PJ, Hughes N, Howden CW. Response of unexplained chest pain to proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with and without objective evidence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2011;60(11):1473–8. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
9. Moayyedi P, Talley NJ, Fennerty MB, et al. Can the clinical history distinguish between organic and functional dyspepsia? JAMA 2006;295(13):1566–76. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
10. Hirano I, Richter JE. ACG practice guidelines: Esophageal reflux testing. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(3):668–85. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
11. Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2008;135(4):1383–91, 1391.e1–5. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
12. Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, et al. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review. Gut 2005;54(5):710–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
13. Johnston BT, Troshinsky MB, Castell JA, et al. Comparison of barium radiology with esophageal pH monitoring in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91(6):1181–5. Cited Here | PubMed
14. Richter JE, Castell DO. Gastroesophageal reflux. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Ann Intern Med 1982;97(1):93–103. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
15. Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR, et al. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: Clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut 1999;45(2):172–80. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
16. Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E, et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: The Lyon consensus. Gut 2018;67(7):1351–62. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
17. Gyawali CP, Fass R. Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2018;154(2):302–18. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
18. Dunbar KB, Agoston AT, Odze RD, et al. Association of acute gastroesophageal reflux disease with esophageal histologic changes. JAMA 2016;315(19):2104–12. Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
19. Odiase E, Schwartz A, Souza RF, et al. New eosinophilic esophagitis concepts call for change in proton pump inhibitor management before diagnostic endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2018;154(5):1217–21.e3.Cited Here |PubMed | CrossRef
20. Stoikes N, Drapekin J, Kushnir V, et al. The value of multiple rapid swallows during preoperative esophageal manometry before laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Surg Endosc 2012;26(12):3401–7. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
21. Iluyomade A, Olowoyeye A, Fadahunsi O, et al. Interference with daily activities and major adverse events during esophageal pH monitoring with bravo wireless capsule versus conventional intranasal catheter: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Dis Esophagus 2017;30(3):1–9. Cited Here
22. Kessels SJM, Newton SS, Morona JK, et al. Safety and efficacy of wireless pH monitoring in patients suspected of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A systematic review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017;51(9):777–88.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
23. Gyawali CP, Carlson DA, Chen JW, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: Clinical use of esophageal physiologic testing. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115(9):1412–28. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
24. Spechler SJ, Hunter JG, Jones KM, et al. Randomized trial of medical versus surgical treatment for refractory heartburn. N Engl J Med 2019;381(16):1513–23. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
25. Marrero JM, Goggin PM, de Caestecker JS, et al. Determinants of pregnancy heartburn. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99(9):731–4. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
26. Richter JE. Review article: The management of heartburn in pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22(9):749–57. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
27. Rey E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Herraiz MA, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms during and after pregnancy: A longitudinal study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(11):2395–400. Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
28. Patel DA, Higginbotham T, Slaughter JC, et al. Development and validation of a mucosal impedance contour analysis system to distinguish esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology 2019;156(6):1617–26.e1.Cited Here |PubMed | CrossRef
29. Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2006;166(9):965–71.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
30. Katz LC, Just R, Castell DO. Body position affects recumbent postprandial reflux. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994;18(4):280–3.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
31. Khoury RM, Camacho-Lobato L, Katz PO, et al. Influence of spontaneous sleep positions on nighttime recumbent reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94(8):2069–73.Cited Here |View Full Text | Pub Med | CrossRef
32. Allampati S, Lopez R, Thota PN, et al. Use of a positional therapy device significantly improves nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Dis Esophagus 2017;30(3):1–7. Cited Here
33. Person E, Rife C, Freeman J, et al. A novel sleep positioning device reduces gastroesophageal reflux: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Gastroenterol 2015;49(8):655–9.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
34. Khan BA, Sodhi JS, Zargar SA, et al. Effect of bed head elevation during sleep in symptomatic patients of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27(6):1078–82.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
35. Hamilton JW, Boisen RJ, Yamamoto DT, et al. Sleeping on a wedge diminishes exposure of the esophagus to refluxed acid. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33(5):518–22.Cited Here |PubMed | CrossRef
36. El-Serag HB, Satia JA, Rabeneck L. Dietary intake and the risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A cross sectional study in volunteers. Gut 2005;54(1):11–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
37. Newberry C, Lynch K. The role of diet in the development and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Why we feel the burn. J Thorac Dis 2019;11(Suppl 12):S1594–601.Cited Here |PubMed
38. Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al. Tobacco smoking cessation and improved gastroesophageal reflux: A prospective population-based cohort study: The HUNT study. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109(2):171–7.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
39. Kohata Y, Fujiwara Y, Watanabe T, et al. Long-term benefits of smoking cessation on gastroesophageal reflux disease and health-related quality of life. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0147860.Cited Here |PubMed | CrossRef
40. Mehta RS, Song M, Staller K, et al. Association between beverage intake and incidence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18(10):2226–33.e4.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
41. Ness-Jensen E, Hveem K, El-Serag H, et al. Lifestyle intervention in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14(2):175–82.e1–3. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
42. Jacobson BC, Somers SC, Fuchs CS, et al. Body-mass index and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in women. N Engl J Med 2006;354(22):2340–8.Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
43. Fraser-Moodie CA, Norton B, Gornall C, et al. Weight loss has an independent beneficial effect on symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients who are overweight. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34(4):337–40.Cited Here |PubMed
44. Mathus-Vliegen LM, Tytgat GN. Twenty-four-hour pH measurements in morbid obesity: Effects of massive overweight, weight loss and gastric distension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8(7):635–40.Cited Here |PubMed
45. Ness-Jensen E, Lindam A, Lagergren J, et al. Weight loss and reduction in gastroesophageal reflux. A prospective population-based cohort study: The HUNT study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108(3):376–82.Cited Here |View Full Text | Pub Med | CrossRef
46. Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: Obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med 2005;143(3):199–211. Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
47. Wilkinson J, Wade A, Thomas SJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of alginate-antacid (Gaviscon Double Action) chewable tablets in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;31(1):86–93.Cited Here
48. Wang WH, Huang JQ, Zheng GF, et al. Head-to-head comparison of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors in the treatment of erosive esophagitis: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11(26):4067–77.Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
49. Khan M, Santana J, Donnellan C, et al. Medical treatments in the short term management of reflux oesophagitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(2):CD003244. Cited Here |PubMed
50. Robinson M, Sahba B, Avner D, et al. A comparison of lansoprazole and ranitidine in the treatment of erosive oesophagitis. Multicentre Investigational Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9(1):25–31.Cited Here |PubMed
51. Gralnek IM, Dulai GS, Fennerty MB, et al. Esomeprazole versus other proton pump inhibitors in erosive esophagitis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(12):1452–8.Cited Here |View Full Text | Pub Med | Cross Ref
52. Kirchheiner J, Glatt S, Fuhr U, et al. Relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors-comparison of effects on intragastric pH. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(1):19–31. Cited Here |PubMed | CrossRef
53. Graham DY, Tansel A. Interchangeable use of proton pump inhibitors based on relative potency. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16(6):800–8.e7.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
54. Hatlebakk JG, Berstad A. Pharmacokinetic optimisation in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;31(5):386–406. Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
55. Lee RD, Mulford D, Wu J, et al. The effect of time-of-day dosing on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexlansoprazole MR: Evidence for dosing flexibility with a dual delayed release proton pump inhibitor. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(9):1001–11.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
56. Gunaratnam NT, Jessup TP, Inadomi J, et al. Sub-optimal proton pump inhibitor dosing is prevalent in patients with poorly controlled gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23(10):1473–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
57. Katz PO, Koch FK, Ballard ED, et al. Comparison of the effects of immediate-release omeprazole oral suspension, delayed-release lansoprazole capsules and delayed-release esomeprazole capsules on nocturnal gastric acidity after bedtime dosing in patients with night-time GERD symptoms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(2):197–205. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
58. Hatlebakk JG, Katz PO, Camacho-Lobato L, et al. Proton pump inhibitors: Better acid suppression when taken before a meal than without a meal. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14(10):1267–72. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
59. Fass R, Sontag SJ, Traxler B, et al. Treatment of patients with persistent heartburn symptoms: A double-blind, randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4(1):50–6. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
60. Savarino V, Marabotto E, Zentilin P, et al. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020;13(4):437–49. Cited Here
61. Boghossian TA, Rashid FJ, Thompson W, et al. Deprescribing versus continuation of chronic proton pump inhibitor use in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;3(3):CD011969. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
62. Talley NJ, Lauritsen K, Tunturi-Hihnala H, et al. Esomeprazole 20 mg maintains symptom control in endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A controlled trial of “on-demand” therapy for 6 months. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(3):347–54. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
63. Schindlbeck NE, Klauser AG, Berghammer G, et al. Three year follow up of patients with gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Gut 1992;33(8):1016–9. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
64. Lind T, Havelund T, Lundell L, et al. On demand therapy with omeprazole for the long-term management of patients with heartburn without oesophagitis—A placebo-controlled randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13(7):907–14. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
65. Pace F, Tonini M, Pallotta S, et al. Systematic review: Maintenance treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease with proton pump inhibitors taken “on-demand”. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26(2):195–204. Cited Here | View Full Text | Pub Med | Cross Ref
66. Inadomi JM, Jamal R, Murata GH, et al. Step-down management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 2001;121(5):1095–100. Cited Here | Pub Med | CrossRef
67. Juul-Hansen P, Rydning A. Clinical and pathophysiological consequences of on-demand treatment with PPI in endoscopy-negative reflux disease. Is rebound hypersecretion of acid a problem? Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46(4):398–405. Cited Here | PubMed
68. Metz DC, Pilmer BL, Han C, et al. Withdrawing PPI therapy after healing esophagitis does not worsen symptoms or cause persistent hypergastrinemia: Analysis of dexlansoprazole MR clinical trial data. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(11):1953–60. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
69. Reimer C, Søndergaard B, Hilsted L, et al. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy. Gastroenterology 2009;137(1):80–7, 87.e1. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
70. Peghini PL, Katz PO, Bracy NA, et al. Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(5):763–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
71. Fackler WK, Ours TM, Vaezi MF, et al. Long-term effect of H2RA therapy on nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Gastroenterology 2002;122(3):625–32. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
72. Rao AS, Camilleri M. Review article: Metoclopramide and tardive dyskinesia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(1):11–9. Cited Here | View Full Text | Pub Med | CrossRef
73. Ren LH, Chen WX, Qian LJ, et al. Addition of prokinetics to PPI therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(9):2412–9. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
74. Kessing BF, Smout AJPM, Bennink RJ, et al. Prucalopride decreases esophageal acid exposure and accelerates gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26(8):1079–86.Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
75. Grossi L, Spezzaferro M, Sacco LF, et al. Effect of baclofen on oesophageal motility and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in GORD patients: A 48-h manometric study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20(7):760–6. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
76. Koek GH, Sifrim D, Lerut T, et al. Effect of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with symptoms and duodeno-gastro-oesophageal reflux refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut 2003;52(10):1397–402. Cited Here | View Full Text | Pub Med | CrossRef
77. Vela MF, Tutuian R, Katz PO, et al. Baclofen decreases acid and non-acid post-prandial gastro-oesophageal reflux measured by combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17(2):243–51. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
78. Ranchet G, Gangemi O, Petrone M. Sucralfate in the treatment of gravid pyrosis. G Ital Obstet Ginecol 1990;12:1–16. Cited Here
79. el-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A. Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans. Gastroenterology 1997;113(3):755–60. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
80. Connor NP, Palazzi-Churas KLP, Cohen SB, et al. Symptoms of extraesophageal reflux in a community-dwelling sample. J Voice 2007;21(2):189–202. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
81. Irwin RS, Curley FJ, French CL. Chronic cough. The spectrum and frequency of causes, key components of the diagnostic evaluation, and outcome of specific therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141(3):640–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | Pub Med | CrossRef
82. Kahrilas PJ, Altman KW, Chang AB, et al. Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux in adults: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2016;150(6):1341–60. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
83. Havemann BD, Henderson CA, El-Serag HB. The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma: A systematic review. Gut 2007;56(12):1654–64. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
84. Mastronarde JG, Anthonisen NR, Castro M, et al. Efficacy of esomeprazole for treatment of poorly controlled asthma. N Engl J Med 2009;360(15):1487–99. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
85. Holbrook JT, Wise RA, Gold BD, et al. Lansoprazole for children with poorly controlled asthma: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012;307(4):373–81. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
86. Poelmans J, Feenstra L, Demedts I, et al. The yield of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with suspected reflux-related chronic ear, nose, and throat symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99(8):1419–26. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
87. Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, et al. High prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and esophagitis with or without symptoms in the general adult Swedish population: A Kalixanda study report. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40(3):275–85. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed
88. Lei WY, Yu HC, Wen SH, et al. Predictive factors of silent reflux in subjects with erosive esophagitis. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47(1):24–9. Cited Here
89. Belafsky PC, Postma GN, Koufman JA. The validity and reliability of the reflux finding score (RFS). Laryngoscope 2001;111(8):1313–7. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
90. Lechien JR, Schindler A, De Marrez LG, et al. Instruments evaluating the clinical findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux: A systematic review. Laryngoscope 2019;129(3):720–36. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
91. Branski RC, Bhattacharyya N, Shapiro J. The reliability of the assessment of endoscopic laryngeal findings associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Laryngoscope 2002;112(6):1019–24. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
92. Rafii B, Taliercio S, Achlatis S, et al. Incidence of underlying laryngeal pathology in patients initially diagnosed with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngoscope 2014;124(6):1420–4. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
93. Rosen R, Mitchell PD, Amirault J, et al. The edematous and erythematous airway does not denote pathologic gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr 2017;183:127–31. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
94. Hicks DM, Ours TM, Abelson TI, et al. The prevalence of hypopharynx findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in normal volunteers. J Voice 2002;16(4):564–79. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
95. Milstein CF, Charbel S, Hicks DM, et al. Prevalence of laryngeal irritation signs associated with reflux in asymptomatic volunteers: Impact of endoscopic technique (rigid vs. flexible laryngoscope). Laryngoscope 2005;115(12):2256–61. Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
96. de Bortoli N, Nacci A, Savarino E, et al. How many cases of laryngopharyngeal reflux suspected by laryngoscopy are gastroesophageal reflux disease-related? World J Gastroenterol 2012;18(32):4363–70. Cited Here | PubMed | CrossRef
97. Nennstiel S, Andrea M, Abdelhafez M, et al. pH/multichannel impedance monitoring in patients with laryngo-pharyngeal reflux symptoms—Prediction of therapy response in long-term follow-up. Arab J Gastroenterol 2016;17(3):113–6. Cited Here |PubMed
98. Wang AJ, Liang MJ, Jiang AY, et al. Comparison of patients of chronic laryngitis with and without troublesome reflux symptoms. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27(3):579–85. Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
99. Blondeau K, Dupont LJ, Mertens V, et al. Improved diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with unexplained chronic cough. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25(6):723–32.Cited Here | View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
100. Blondeau K, Mertens V, Dupont L, et al. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and cough in children with chronic unexplained cough using combined impedance-pH-manometry recordings. Pediatr Pulmonol 2011;46(3):286–94.Cited Here |View Full Text | PubMed | CrossRef
101. Anandasabapathy S, Jaffin BW. Multichannel intraluminal impedance in the evaluation of patients with persistent globus on proton pump inhibitor therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol